During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information?

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information during the process known as crossing over, which occurs specifically during prophase I of meiosis. During this stage, the homologous pairs of chromosomes align closely together—a process called synapsis. The close proximity allows for segments of genetic material to be swapped between the chromosome pairs at designated locations known as chiasmata.

This exchange of genetic material is crucial for genetic diversity, as it creates new combinations of alleles, contributing to variations in traits among offspring. This reshuffling of genes occurs before the independent assortment of chromosomes that takes place later in meiosis I, ensuring that when the cells divide, each gamete has a unique set of genes.

Thus, the correct answer is Meiosis I, as this is the stage when homologous chromosomes actively engage in crossing over to exchange genetic information.